Formic acid

Formic acid - Names and Identifiers

Name	Formic acid
Synonyms	Add-F Formira Bilorin Myrmicyl Mierenzuur Formisoton Formic acid Formic acids acidoformico Acido formico kwasmetaniowy acideformique Ameisensaeure Acide formique Collo-bueglatt methanoic acid Kwas metaniowy Kyselina mravenci acideformique(french) FormicacidAmeisensure Hydrogen carboxylic acid
CAS	64-18-6
EINECS	200-579-1
InChI	InChI=1/CH2O2/c2-1-3/h1H,(H,2,3)
InChIKey	BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Formic acid - Physico-chemical Properties

Molecular Formula	CH2O2
Molar Mass	46.03
Density	1.22 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Melting Point	8.2-8.4 °C (lit.)
Boling Point	100-101 °C (lit.)
Flash Point	133°F
JECFA Number	79
Water Solubility	MISCIBLE
Solubility	H2O: soluble1g/10 mL, clear, colorless
Vapor Presure	52 mm Hg ( 37 °C)
Vapor Density	1.03 (vs air)
Appearance	Liquid
Specific Gravity	1.216 (20℃/20℃)
Color	APHA: ≤15
Exposure Limit	TLV-TWA 5 ppm (～9 mg/m3) (ACGIH,MSHA, OSHA, and NIOSH); IDLH 100ppm (180 mg/m3) (NIOSH).
Maximum wavelength(λmax)	['λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.03', , 'λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.01']
Merck	14,4241
BRN	1209246
pKa	3.75(at 20℃)
PH	3.47(1 mM solution);2.91(10 mM solution);2.38(100 mM solution);
Storage Condition	2-8°C
Stability	Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong bases, strong oxidizing agents and powdered metals, furfuryl alcohol. Combustible. Hygroscopic. Pressure may build up in tightly closed bottles,、
Sensitive	Hygroscopic
Explosive Limit	12-38%(V)
Refractive Index	n20/D 1.377
Physical and Chemical Properties	Characteristics of Colorless fuming flammable liquid, with a strong pungent odor. melting point 8.4 ℃ boiling point 100.7 ℃ relative density 1.220 refractive index 1.3714 flash point 69 ℃ solubility: soluble in water, ethanol and ether, slightly soluble in benzene.
Use	For the preparation of formate, formate, formamide, etc., but also in medicine, printing and dyeing, dyes, leather and other industries have a certain use

Formic acid - Risk and Safety

Risk Codes	R23/24/25 - Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R34 - Causes burns R40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect R43 - May cause sensitization by skin contact R35 - Causes severe burns R36/38 - Irritating to eyes and skin. R10 - Flammable
Safety Description	S36/37 - Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S23 - Do not breathe vapour. S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
UN IDs	UN 1198 3/PG 3
WGK Germany	2
RTECS	LP8925000
FLUKA BRAND F CODES	10
TSCA	Yes
HS Code	29151100
Hazard Class	8
Packing Group	II
Toxicity	LD50 in mice (mg/kg): 1100 orally; 145 i.v. (Malorny)

Formic acid - Upstream Downstream Industry

Formic acid - Nature

Open Data Verified Data

A colorless transparent fuming liquid with a strong pungent odor. It is a strong acid. It is miscible with water in any ratio and forms an azeotropic mixture above the boiling point of both. Miscible with many organic solvents, but insoluble in hydrocarbons. Flammable, in the long-term storage of 30 degrees Celsius, formic acid will occur slow decomposition, release of carbon monoxide. Its vapor and air to form an explosive mixture, fire, high heat caused by combustion explosion. Reactions with strong oxidants may occur. It has strong corrosion. Corrosion of aluminum, cast iron, steel, certain plastics, rubber and coatings.

Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35

Formic acid - Preparation Method

Open Data Verified Data

The desulfurized and compressed carbon monoxide is passed into a reactor containing 20% ~ 30% sodium hydroxide solution and reacted at 160~200 ℃ and 1.4 ~ 1.6MPa to form sodium formate, then 76% formic acid-water azeotrope was obtained by treatment with dilute sulfuric acid, which can be further concentrated and refined.

Last Update：2022-01-01 09:29:54

Formic acid - Use

Open Data Verified Data

formic acid and its aqueous solution can dissolve many metals, metal oxides, hydroxides and salts, and the resulting formate can be dissolved in water, so it can be used as a chemical cleaning agent. Formic acid can be used for cleaning equipment containing stainless steel materials. Formic acid has good volatility and is easily removed after cleaning, so it can be used for cleaning projects sensitive to residues. In the cleaning concentration, formic acid is non-toxic and harmless to human body, and the corrosion of metal is not as strong as that of inorganic acid, so it is a safe cleaning agent.

Last Update：2022-01-01 09:29:55

Formic acid - Safety

Open Data Verified Data

mice were injected orally and intravenously with LD50:1100 mg/kg, 145mg/kg. Inhalation of formic acid vapor can severely irritate the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth and cause inflammation. With strong corrosive, irritating, can cause human body burns. The concentration of formic acid in the workplace is allowed to be 5g/m3. When dealing with Concentrated formic acid, protection must be provided, eyes and skin contact with formic acid, should be immediately washed with water. Store in a cool, dry, ventilated place. Keep away from fire and heat source. Keep the container sealed. Should be stored separately from the oxidant, alkali.

Last Update：2022-01-01 09:29:55

Formic acid - Reference Information

FEMA	2487 \| FORMIC ACID
Henry's Law Constant	At 25 °C: 95.2, 75.1, 39.3, 10.7, and 3.17 at pH values of 1.35, 3.09, 4.05, 4.99, and 6.21,respectively (Hakuta et al., 1977)
NIST chemical information	information provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link)
EPA chemical substance information	information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link)
important chemical raw material	formic acid is an important chemical raw material, which was first discovered by Fisher in 1670. 1749 A.S.Marggret first produced pure formic acid. Because of the earliest distillation of red ants found, so called formic acid. Formic acid is widely found in nature, such as in the secretions of red ants, bees, worms, etc., in the leaves and roots of plants, and in fruits. The most simple carboxylic acid, compared with other fatty carboxylic acids, the structure is more special, more acidic. It is a colorless, transparent and irritating liquid with the molecular formula HCOOH. Relative molecular mass 46.03. The relative density was 1.2196. Melting point 8.4 °c. Freezing point 7 ℃. Boiling point 100.7 C, 50 C (15.999 X 103Pa). Refractive index 1.3714. Flash point 68.9 °c. Viscosity: 1.784MPa · s. Ignition point: 410 ℃. With water, ethanol, ether and other miscible. And water to form a high boiling point binary azeotrope, containing 77.5% of this product, a total boiling point of 107.3 ℃, the boiling point is higher than that of pure water and pure formic acid boiling point. This product is directly linked to the carbonyl hydrogen, so that formic acid both acid characteristics, and some of the properties of the aldehyde. Can be salt, Ester; Can react with amine, amide; And unsaturated hydrocarbon addition, Ester formation. Its reducibility reflects the nature of the aldehyde, for example, it can reduce the ammonia solution of silver nitrate (Tulun reagent) to metallic silver, and make the potassium permanganate fading, sulfur dioxide is reduced to thiosulfate ion (SO2 → S2O32-), and mercury nitrate is reduced to Mercury, etc. Formic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, can produce carbon monoxide dehydration. Heating to 160 ° C can also be decarboxylated to generate carbon dioxide and hydrogen; In the copper-chromium, platinum, palladium and other catalytic action, can also produce decomposition reaction, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. This product is very irritating and corrosive, inhalation of its vapor, can make the respiratory organs are stimulated, and produce inflammation; Stick to the skin, can make the skin blistering. Chronic poisoning, resulting in hematuria. Rat oral LD501210mg/kg. The maximum allowable concentration in the workplace is 5 × 10-6. Storage should be away from the fire, heat source, should be with the oxidant, alkali, strong acid, H pore agent and cyanide Isolation. When loading and unloading, it should be handled lightly and not inverted. To prevent water, prevent packaging damage. The leakage should be washed with water, but protective tools should be worn when handling. Contact with the skin reaction immediately rinse with plenty of water, if necessary, apply ointment. Inhalation poisoning should be sent to the hospital.
The simplest carboxylic acid	formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid, which is also called formic acid because it is first obtained by distilling erythrate. formic acid is present in the secretions of ants, bees and worms. After the bee stings, the skin is red, swollen and itchy, which is due to the stimulation of formic acid released from the bee needle. Formic acid is also found in, for example, nettle, scorpion grass, pine needles, and some fruits (such as green grapes), as well as in the muscles, blood, and excreta of the human body. formic acid is the only acid in the fatty acid that has a hydrogen atom attached to the carboxyl group, and the electron-repellent force of the hydrogen atom is much smaller than that of the hydrocarbon group, so that the electron density of the carbon atom of the carboxyl group is lower than that of other carboxylic acids, and because of the conjugated effect, the electron on the carboxyl oxygen atom is more biased to carbon, so the acidity of formic acid is stronger than other carboxylic acids in the same series. The structure of formic acid can be regarded as the combination of aldehyde group and hydroxyl group, so the formic acid molecule contains aldehyde group, which has some properties of aldehyde, such as reducing silver ammonia solution to form silver mirror. Potassium permanganate solution can also be discolored, and these reactions can be used for the qualitative identification of formic acid. Formic acid has the properties of a general carboxylic acid, and condensation reactions similar to aldehydes can occur. formic acid is reductive due to the aldehyde group contained in the molecule. It is used as an acidic reducing agent in textile and printing and dyeing industries to bleach straw caps, leather, etc., and can remove ink spots and rust on clothes. It can make the rubber pulp condensation into raw rubber, in the leather industry is used as lactic acid coagulant, is a kind of rubber coagulant. Formic acid is the raw material for the preparation of oxalic acid, the sodium formate is heated to 360 degrees C, can be hydrogen to generate oxalate. Formic acid or printing and dyeing mordant, metal surface treatment agent and Disinfection preservatives.
formic acid purification	formic acid is used as a reducing agent for the determination of arsenic, bismuth and other elements, and can be used as organic and inorganic solvents. purification method of formic acid: (1) atmospheric distillation 110 ml of analytical pure formic acid was placed in a ML distillation flask, and the bath temperature was controlled below ℃, 50ml of the distillate from the previous stage was discarded by atmospheric distillation, and 350-ml of the distillate from the middle stage was collected. (2) mixed distillation 1) Adding propyl formate to carry out mixed distillation, the distillate is divided into two phases, and then the propyl formate is distilled to obtain pure formic acid, the other phase is an aqueous phase containing 1% formic acid. 2) during the distillation, trimethylamine, quinoline, dimethylaniline and other tertiary amines are added to the formic acid solution for mixed distillation. The aqueous phase is distilled out first and then discarded, and the distillation is continued, then the amine and formic acid added can be separated. Reference: Wu Xinyou, Yuan Shengyi, zhichi. Manual of purification and preparation of Analytical reagents. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press.
preparation method	formic acid is widely used in pesticide, leather, dye, medicine and rubber industry, can produce leather softener, rubber coagulant, printing and dyeing mordant, disinfectant, preservative, fiber and paper dyeing agent and treatment agent, plasticizer and animal feed additives. Printing and Dyeing auxiliary, used in mordant dyeing process, improve the utilization rate of dye; Used in cotton fabric washing, make the fabric soft. Leather-making industry used for hair removal, washing ash, to prevent leather mold. Feed fermentation to add a small amount of formic acid, can prevent mold. Cement accelerator. Aluminum formate is an excellent water repellent. Coagulant for rubber mortar. Butyl formate and amyl ester are varnish solvents. Organic synthesis and pharmaceutical raw materials, can be used for the preparation of formic acid salt, formic acid ester, many of the formic acid ester is a fragrance. Formic acid can be used to prepare various solvents, such as dimethylformamide, which has many uses. 1896 countries in Europe using sodium hydroxide and carbon monoxide direct reaction of Sodium Formate, acid hydrolysis of formic acid, and put into industrial production. In 1980, the United States scientific design company and other successful development of methanol carbonylation of formic acid production, with an annual output of 20,000 tons. The industrial process for the preparation of formic acid from carbon monoxide and powdered sodium hydroxide is as follows:
leather industry application	(1) formic acid is the most acidic acid in monocarboxylic acid, it has a loose effect on collagen fibers but is milder and more uniform than inorganic acids. Used for fur processing of acid, with the hair of the destruction of small, soft, fiber dispersion fine and uniform, the finished product is soft, full and so on. (2) in Chrome tanning, formic acid can act as a smut, and its smut effect is stronger than that of acetic acid. (3) formic acid is a strong reducing agent, easy to oxidative decomposition. (4) formic acid can promote the dyeing and fixation of acid dyes, and can make the color of leather rich. (5) fur soaking additive, which can reduce the pH value of soaking solution (5.0~5.5), promote the water filling and swelling of fur, and inhibit the growth of bacteria. Formic acid, acetic acid and other organic acid additives are also commonly used in hair relaxation or not easy to soak the fur. (6) it can be used alone as a pickling material or mixed with sulfuric acid for pickling. (7) in the rapid vegetable tanning process, the pickling material can accelerate the penetration of tannin extract. (8) preparation of sodium formate coagulant. The optimum ratio of sodium formate for Chrome tanning is 1mol sodium formate to 1mol basic chromium sulfate. (9) one of the neutralizing agents. In the production of furniture leather, the addition of 1% ~ 2% sodium formate during neutralization is beneficial to the deeper neutralization and keep the grain surface smooth. (10) adjust the pH value of the dyeing bath and fix the color. (11) 1~2G/L formic acid was added for the last time of leather brush dyeing. (12) to reduce the hardness of water: 3.2 of water to add 50% of formic acid (relative density of 1.121), can reduce the hardness of one degree. (13) the supplement in the production of recycled leather has the effect of promoting aggregation, and the dosage is less than 5% (concentration). (14) the whitening effect of white leather rinses is better than that of haizo and potassium permanganate, but inferior to that of oxalic acid.
toxicity and protection	formic acid is a Class I Organic acidic corrosive substance, it is soluble in fat, so it can be absorbed by skin, and it is more irritating to skin and mucosa than acetic acid. Its vapor is strongly irritating to the eyes, and the liquid can cause skin redness, foaming and local gangrene. The erosion of the mucosa is similar to that of inorganic strong acids. Inhalation of formic acid vapor can cause sore throat, Cough and chest pain and other irritating symptoms. The inhaler should immediately leave the scene, breathe fresh air, and inhale 2% of the atomized sodium bicarbonate. Burn with a large number of water rinse, and then 2 ~ 4% sodium bicarbonate solution wash, serious occupational disease hospital treatment. The maximum allowable concentration of formic acid in the air of the operating site is 5ppm (9mg/m3). It can also be used as a preservative in cosmetics, and the maximum allowable concentration in cosmetics is 0.5% (acid).
uses	for the preparation of formate, formate, formamide, etc, leather and other industries have a certain use used as chemical reagent used as reducing agent, buffer, also used in the preparation of pesticides as green feed additives. sterilization and mildew resistance in the manufacture of pulp. fragrance enhancer. Mainly used for the preparation of pineapple, rum and smoked flavor. It also has Disinfection antiseptic effect. formic acid is one of the basic organic chemical raw materials, widely used in pesticides, leather, textile, printing and dyeing, medicine and rubber industry, but also the preparation of various solvents, plasticizers, rubber coagulant, animal feed additives and new process for the synthesis of insulin. In China's formic acid consumption, the pharmaceutical industry accounts for about 45%, the chemical industry accounts for about 30%, and the light industry, textile and other departments account for about 25%. Formic acid is one of the most important export chemical products in China. At present, the production of formic acid in our country all adopt sodium formate method. Formic acid is commonly used as a substitute for inexpensive, volatile and less corrosive inorganic acids and is widely used in light industry. In the textile and printing and dyeing industry, formic acid is used as a nitric acid gas agent produced by the method of eliminating the indicolinic sodium nitrite, a dyeing aid for weak acid dyes and neutral complex dyes, and a dyeing aid for reactive dyes. Formic acid will not remain on the fabric in the printing and dyeing process, and the acidity is stronger than acetic acid, which can reduce the six medium chromium, so the utilization rate of the dye can be improved in the process of chromium medium dyeing. Using formic acid instead of sulfuric acid can avoid cellulose degradation, and moderate acidity, dyeing habit, Therefore, it is an excellent dyeing aid. Formic acid as a substitute for inorganic acids, used in tanning, depilation, neutralization of lime and prevention of mildew in wet leather. Using formic acid as coagulant can improve the quality of natural rubber, reduce the production cost, and can also be used for the regeneration of waste rubber. The use of formic acid as a feed additive has great potential in silage. Formic acid has the function of inhibiting or preventing the growth of mold. It can change the natural fermentation form of feed, and often add fatty acid to improve the anti-mold effect. The green feed treated with formic acid can prevent the production of milk in winter, and the effect of fattening is also significantly improved. In the food industry, formic acid is used in Disinfection of the wine industry, as a preservative, as a Disinfection agent for the cleaning of cans, fruit juice and food preservation. A large number of derivatives of formic acid are intermediates of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes, fragrances, solvents, used in the manufacture of borneol, aminopyrine, caffeine, vitamin B1, metamizole, chloramidine, fnium, tricyclazole, dimethylformamide, etc. Formic acid derivatives with substituted formamide and formic acid esters in the industrial application of more (formamide derivatives see the product entry). Esters of formic acid are widely used in the fragrance industry, such: Ethyl formate -- Peach, Berry and other fruit flavor; Isoamyl formate -- fruit flavor, leather flavor; Formate ester -- apple flavor; Heptyl formate -- apricot, plum, peach and other fruit flavor; N-decyl formate-orange flower flavor and Iris oil; Benzyl formate-Jasminum and other floral and soap flavors; Cinnamic acid ester-Jasminum and hyposanthus and other flavors; Citronella formate-used for Rose, osmanthus, wild Lily and Other Essences; Syringyl formate-used for Carnation flavor; Folium formate-Rose, orange flower, fragrant leaf and other essences; Linalyl formate-lavender, bergamot and Other Essences; Menthyl formate-cosmetic flavor, spray flavor; Phenethyl formate-white rose, orchid, chrysanthemum and Other Essences; Thyme formate-cosmetics fragrance. reducing agent, determination of arsenic, bismuth, aluminum, copper, gold, indium, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, silver and zinc, cerium, rhenium and tungsten, examination of primary and secondary aromatic amines, Determination of molecular weight and crystallization of the solvent, determination of Methoxy, microscopic analysis used as a fixing agent, the production of formic acid salts.
production method	1. Sodium Formate method carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide solution at 160-200 deg C and 2MPa pressure reaction to produce sodium formate, and then sulfuric acid hydrolysis, distillation to get the finished product. 2. Methanol carbonyl synthesis method (also known as methyl formate method) methanol and carbon monoxide are reacted in the presence of sodium methoxide as catalyst to form methyl formate, which is then hydrolyzed to form formic acid and methanol. Methanol can be recycled into methyl formate reactor, formic acid can be obtained by distillation of different specifications of the product. 3. Formamide method carbon monoxide and ammonia react in methanol solution to produce formamide, and then in the presence of sulfuric acid to produce formic acid, at the same time by-product ammonium sulfate. Raw material consumption quota: methanol 31kg/t, carbon monoxide 702kg/t, ammonia 314kg/t, sulfuric acid 1010kg/t. In addition, the oxidation method of butane-based light oil is mainly used to produce acetic acid, and formic acid is recovered as a by-product. The method in the research stage is the direct synthesis of carbon monoxide and water. From the oxidation of methane. By carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide in high temperature and high pressure to generate sodium formate, and then sulfuric acid at low temperature after decomposition, by fractionation. sodium formate method appropriate amount of carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is reacted at 160~200 ℃,1.37~1.67 MPa to form sodium formate, which is obtained by neutralization, distillation, floating condensation. Reaction formula: Carbon dioxide method in the palladium complex catalysis, in triethylamine aqueous solution, carbon dioxide and hydrogen in 140~160 deg C reaction obtained. Reaction formula: S (1) Sodium Formate method. The purified CO gas is absorbed with 20%-30% sodium hydroxide solution at 1.4-°c and-1.8Mpa to form a sodium formate solution. The sodium formate solution is then mixed with an equal amount of formic acid solution if dilute sulfuric acid reacts to form formic acid and sodium formate. The azeotrope of formic acid and water (containing about 75% formic acid) is distilled and refined to a finished product. (2) methyl formate method. Under the catalysis of sodium methoxide, methanol reacts with CO at 80 ℃ and 4MPa to form methyl formate. Methyl formate is hydrolyzed to formic acid and methanol at 90-140 °c and 0.5-1.8Mpa under acid catalysis. After separation, formic acid can be obtained and methanol can be recycled. (3) formyl methyl ester method. The methanol liquid ammonia solution absorbs CO at 70 ° C. And 32.5Mpa to form formamide, and the formamide is separated and then reacted with the same amount of 68%-74-sulfuric acid to form formic acid and ammonium sulfate. Formic acid was distilled out and refined to obtain the finished product. About
category	corrosive article
toxicity grade	poisoning
Acute toxicity	oral-rat LD50: 1100 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50: 700 mg/kg
stimulation data	Skin-Rabbit 610 mg mild; Eye-rabbit 122 mg severe
explosive hazard characteristics	explosive when mixed with air
flammability hazard characteristics	flammable in case of high heat and open flame; Explosion in case of hydrogen peroxide; combustion-induced smoke
storage and transportation characteristics	The warehouse is ventilated and dried at low temperature; With alkali, oxidant, H pore forming agent, separate storage of cyanide
fire extinguishing agent	sand, water mist, carbon dioxide
Occupational Standard	TLV-TWA 5 PPM (9 mg/m3); Tel 10 PPM (18 mg/m3)
spontaneous combustion temperature	1004 ° F.
toxic substance data	information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link)
immediate life-and health-threatening concentration	30 ppm

Last Update：2024-04-09 18:58:34

Jiangsu Pules Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.

Raw Materials	Methyl alcohol Sodium methoxide Methyl formate Sodium formate Coke(coal) Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid Sodium hydroxide carbon monoxide,cyl. with 10 L (net~3kg)
Downstream Products	Pentaerythritol 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one N,N-Dimethylformamide Methyl Formamide 2,5-Dichloroaniline N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylethylenediamine 1,2,4-1H-Triazole Ethyl formate 4-Amino diphenylamine Triazophos Buprofezin Triadimefon Tricyclazole

Formic acid

Formic acid

CAS: 64-18-6

Molecular Formula: CH2O2

Formic acid - Names and Identifiers

Formic acid - Physico-chemical Properties

Formic acid - Risk and Safety

Formic acid - Upstream Downstream Industry

Formic acid - Nature

Open Data Verified Data

Formic acid - Preparation Method

Open Data Verified Data

Formic acid - Use

Open Data Verified Data

Formic acid - Safety

Open Data Verified Data

Formic acid - Reference Information

Supplier List

Formic acid Request for Quotation

Formic acid

CAS: 64-18-6

Molecular Formula: CH2O2

Formic acid - Names and Identifiers

Formic acid - Physico-chemical Properties

Formic acid - Risk and Safety

Formic acid - Upstream Downstream Industry

Formic acid - Nature

Open Data Verified Data

Formic acid - Preparation Method

Open Data Verified Data

Formic acid - Use

Open Data Verified Data

Formic acid - Safety

Open Data Verified Data

Formic acid - Reference Information

Supplier List

Formic acid